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Simple science of Automobile ABS Gear Ring

Mar 17,2023

In many automobiles, a wheel speed sensor (also known as a tone ring or tone wheel) is used for anti-lock braking. This is a small, metallic ring that is attached to the hub of the wheel and is used in conjunction with a magnetic sensor to generate an electrical signal.

The electrical signal is sent to an ABS control unit which measures the frequency and amplitude of the signal in order to determine whether the wheel is slowing down, speeding up or keeping a steady speed. It then uses this information to prevent the brakes from locking up, reducing the likelihood of skidding and causing loss of control.
There are two types of wheel speed sensors: passive and active. Passive sensors are less accurate and can only detect wheel speeds up to 0.06 mph. They do not require an external power source to operate, and they are more sensitive to electromagnetic interference and vibration than active sensors.
Some active wheel speed sensors are able to detect the rotation direction of the wheel, which is a key feature of modern traction control systems. These are often referred to as Magneto-resistive sensors and work in a similar way to the Hall-type wheel speed sensors described above, however the encoder ring associated with these have magnetic arc segments which cause a change in resistance when passing the sensor.
The ring is usually integrated into the disc brake rotor structure for space reasons. There are a number of different ways in which this can be achieved, such as by casting or machining the features of the tone ring directly into the rotor.

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